Staging of Urethral Cancer
The most commonly used staging system utilizes the TNM classification as indicated in the 2010 AJCC cancer staging handbook (Table 8.3).13
The alternative staging system known as the Whitmore classification is shown in Table 8.4.15
Table 8.4 The Whitmore classification of urethral tumors
Stage 0 Confined to mucosa only (in situ carcinoma)
Stage A Into but not beyond lamina propria
Stage B Into but not beyond the substance of the corpus spongiosum, or into but not beyond the prostate
Stage C Direct extension into tissue beyond the corpus spongiosum (corpus cavernosum, muscle, fat, fascia, skin, direct skeletal involvement), or beyond the prostatic capsule
Stage D 1. Inguinal lymph nodes
2. Pelvic lymph nodes below the bifurcation of the aorta
3. Lymph nodes above the bifurcation of the aorta
4. Distant
|
Hopkins |
Srinivas and |
Dinney |
Dalbagni |
Thyavihally | |
|
et al.36 |
Khan37 |
et al.5 |
et al.7 |
et al.11 | |
|
n |
26 |
200 |
21 |
46 |
36 |
|
Urinary obstruction (%) |
38 |
47 |
29 |
43 |
42 |
|
Palpable mass (%) |
56 |
79 |
25 |
28 |
28 |
|
Hematuria (%) |
60 |
22 |
25 |
17 |
19 |
|
Urethral discharge (%) |
60 |
22 |
25 |
11 |
- |
10 Ways To Fight Off Cancer
Learning About 10 Ways Fight Off Cancer Can Have Amazing Benefits For Your Life The Best Tips On How To Keep This Killer At Bay Discovering that you or a loved one has cancer can be utterly terrifying. All the same, once you comprehend the causes of cancer and learn how to reverse those causes, you or your loved one may have more than a fighting chance of beating out cancer.
Post a comment